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Based on moon cycles instead of sun cycles “Leap months” are added to sync up with sun cycles Used to be calculated by observation Calculated mathematically since 4th century Years are numbered from Creation A few years ago, I was in a synagogue , and I overheard one man ask another, “When is Chanukkah this year? Holidays are celebrated on the same day of the Jewish calendar every year, but the Jewish year is not the same length as a solar year on the civil calendar used by most of the western world, so the date shifts on the civil calendar. Background and History The Jewish calendar is based on three astronomical phenomena: These three phenomena are independent of each other, so there is no direct correlation between them. The civil calendar used by most of the world has abandoned any correlation between the moon cycles and the month, arbitrarily setting the length of months to 28, 30 or 31 days. The Jewish calendar, however, coordinates all three of these astronomical phenomena. Years are either 12 or 13 months, corresponding to the The lunar month on the Jewish calendar begins when the first sliver of moon becomes visible after the dark of the moon. In ancient times, the new months used to be determined by observation.